A witness from Bakhiv, Temofis Ryzvanuk, then 14, told him how Germans beat the Jews with whips to force them to dig the holes into which they would be buried. Aside from an extensive paleontological record, Indo-European languages typically have several words for "wolf", thus attesting to the animal's abundance and cultural significance. [16] In Italian wolves, excepting the tail, body lengths range from 110 to 148cm, while shoulder height is 5070cm. Myths, lies and old wives tales loom large in the outdoor pursuits. Their reasons included the hopes of independence from the Soviet Union and past maltreatment by Soviet authorities. 'Tomorrow the witnesses will disappear and the deniers will overreact, saying that the Jews falsified the story. Nevertheless, wolves were admired for their ferocity, and Germanic warriors often had the wolf as their totem, a trait later exported to other European cultures. (AP Photo/Efrem Lukatsky) KYIV, Ukraine Hundreds of Ukrainian nationalists held a . In describing North American wolves, John Richardson used European wolves as a basis for comparison, summarising the differences between the two forms as: The European wolf's head is narrower, and tapers gradually to form the nose, which is produced on the same plane with the forehead. [56] All mention of wolf attacks was subsequently censored.[57]. For the first time, the scientists were also able to detect at least three reproducing packs in the Sudeten Mountains in the Czech-Polish border area. In the Reichskommissariat, ruthlessly administered by Erich Koch, Ukrainians were slated for servitude. Only the revived Ukrainian Orthodox Church was permitted to resume its work as a national institution. Its usually bears or mountains lions attacking people that end up in the news. The louveterie was abolished after the French Revolution in 1789, but was re-established in 1814. Wolves in Slovakia, Ukraine, and Croatia may disperse into Hungary, where the lack of cover hinders the buildup of an autonomous population. This was one of the largest mass murders at an individual location during World War II 1936 portrait of two-year-old Mania Halef, a Jewish child, who was later killed during the mass execution at Babi Yar. Their military units were disbanded as relics of czarism, and their officers were killed and imprisoned by the many thousands. The ground heaved. I remembered one of the girls, a young girl. For every Cossack they kill, we will kill a hundred of their men, says one of the militants from the Wolves Hundred, who goes by the nickname Vodolaz, or Diver. As of 2005, the total number of Swedish and Norwegian wolves was estimated to be at least 100, including 11 breeding pairs. Each person who was killed here was an individual. The role of ethnic Ukrainians in the Holocaust remains contentious in Ukraine today, where nationalist heroes who collaborated with the Nazis continue to be honored. Since the summer of 2021, around 1400 wolves, adult animals and young ones, are estimated to be living in Germany. [21][22], In Central Europe, wolves were dramatically reduced in number during the early 19th century, due to organized hunts and reductions in ungulate populations. I woke to the sound of a large brown bear crackling through the brush near my tent. [8] Melanists, albinos, and erythrists are rare, and mostly the result of wolf-dog hybridisation. (See also Holocaust: The Einsatzgruppen.). [26] Depending on how one counts, Ukraine was home to the largest Jewish community in Europe on the eve of the Nazi invasion, with some 2.7 million Jews, equalling about 5 percent of the population. In November the Soviets reentered Kyiv. Some 2.2 million people were taken from Ukraine to Germany as slave labourers (Ostarbeiter, or eastern workers). He gave a sermon, to all those who were already there. NPR's Daniel Estrin reports. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Parroting the Kremlins propaganda, the men of the Wolves Hundred insist that they have come to fight the fascists who have taken power in Ukraine. They say they are volunteers driven by the ideals of their Cossack brotherhood Russian imperialism, service to the sovereign and the heavenly mandate of the Russian Orthodox Church. [47], In France, the number of animals captured in unprotected flocks decreased between 2010 and 2015 as more and more flocks were protected, but the number of animals killed in protected flocks increased. The opened fire on the helpless Jews who dropped back-first into the pits. In eastern and central Ukraine, secret Communist Party cells maintained an underground existence, and a Soviet partisan movement developed in the northern forests. Ukraine at a glance Main prey for wolves here are ungulates and livestock. It was a crime. Radical extremism and anti-Smitism still exists, and this is why it must be taught. ON THE UKRAINIAN-MOLDOVAN BORDER The war in Ukraine has set off the fastest mass migration in Europe in at least three decades, prompting comparisons with the Balkan wars of the . Fresh packs would appear in place of those that were killed by. [24], Wolf hunting in France was first institutionalized by Charlemagne between 800 and 813, when he established the louveterie, a special corps of wolf hunters. But the actions of the Wolves Hundred, an armed formation fighting on the territory of a foreign state, do not seem to run counter to the interests of the Russian Federation. In 1945, when according to an official version the World War II ended, in a large part of Europe an armed struggle continued. Early last year, hunters there killed more than 200 wolvesan estimated 20% of the state's wolf populationin just 3 days, well above the permitted kill of 119 animals. For example, Switzerland submitted such a request in 2006, which was rejected at the time. The species was almost wiped out in 20th-century Finland, despite regular dispersals from Russia. DO SHARE AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE INFORMATION ABOUT MOVEMENT OF RUSSIAN TROOPS INSIDE RUSSIA, BELARUS AND UKRAINE INCLUDING: LOCATION, IDENTIFICATIONS . Hostilities were at once suspended and Germans and Russians instinctively attacked the pack, killing about 50 wolves.. After the Holodomor, in which Soviet dictator Josef Stalin and communist bureaucrats engineered a famine that killed millions of Ukrainians in. He was the first of the elderly villagers to speak: many others followed him, here and in other locations. We are no longer accepting comments on this article. In all, more one million Ukrainian Jews were murdered by Hitler's troops, and Father Desbois and his humanitarian organisation Yahad, in Unum, are seeking to identify the sites and erect memorials but also to help relatives track where their ancestors were slain, and now lie buried. But all to no avail. But in eastern Ukraine, his legacy and the banner he carried now serve the cause of Russian imperialism once again. 'The day we came to see they brought a lot of Jews here. He fired at everybody, he was crazy.'. For the democratic West, Russian President Vladimir Putin's full-scale invasion of Ukraine is the biggest test of its power and integrity in the 77 years since Nazi Germany . The violence was particularly brutal in Ukraine. The Nazi Werewolves Who Terrorized Allied Soldiers at the End of WWII Though the guerrilla fighters didn't succeed in slowing the Allied occupation of Germany, they did sow fear wherever they. Locals hypothesized that war efforts displaced the wolves, so the canines started seeking out new hunting grounds. They all lay down like herrings. When they had killed them, they put them beside each other, head to head, to pile in as many as possible, to save space. 'Because one day we will have to go back to Iraq, because one day we will have to go back to the last mass grave in Darfur.'. Transcarpathia, which had reverted from Hungary to Czechoslovakia in 1944, was ceded to Ukraine in 1945 by a Czech-Soviet government agreement. that is stunning. Northern Bukovina was reoccupied in 1944 and recognized as part of Ukraine in the Paris Peace Treaty of 1947. He also challenges standard views of wartime eastern Europe by treating in a more nuanced way issues of collaboration and local anti-Semitism. But they only lasted about five years in their original incarnation. Some Ukrainians initially welcomed the Nazi invaders. Ukraines human and material losses during World War II were enormous. Attitudes and issues. 1945: 1 Million Ukrainian Jews Lost in WWII -World War II finally comes to a close. He anchors the history of Hitler's Holocaust and Stalin's Terror in their time and place and provides a fresh account of the relationship between the two regimes. 'The market square and the Jewish quarters around it became a ghetto. By some accounts, they were notably lacking in discipline. Ukraine, the "jewel" in the Nazi empire, would become a German colony administered by Heinrich Himmler's SS and police, Hermann Goring's economic plunderers, and a host of other satraps. Copy link. [34] In 2012, an estimated 14 wolf packs were living in Germany (mostly in the east) and a pack with pups has been sighted within 24km (15mi) of Berlin. [7] The largest on record was killed after World War II in the Kobelyakski Area of the Poltavskij Region in the Ukrainian SSR, and weighed 86kg (190lb). But Nazis did not trust mass killing of Jews to locals. The collective farms, whose dissolution was the fervent hope of the peasantry, were left intact, industry was allowed to deteriorate, and the cities were deprived of foodstuffs as all available resources were directed to support the German war effort. By The situation in Ukraine was not so different to what was going on in other Soviet regions which were occupied by Nazis - everywhere they relied on local nationalists, who often blamed Jews for supporting the "Moscow-Bolshevik regime", as they said at the time. 'The challenge is to collect the maximum amount of evidence about the killing of the Jews in these countries and find out about the mass graves. Courtesy of Yad Vashem Photo Archive. The latest Ukrainian advance came after months of successful attacks. He rode around the village. [37], The grey wolf is protected in Slovakia, though an exception is made for wolves killing livestock. One account from Rava Ruska was of a Nazi officer who spotted a young Jewish woman running out of the ghetto to buy butter at the market. he has been able . Hitler had planned to eradicate over half of Ukraine's population so that the country's rich farmland could be repopulated with Germans in their so-called quest for Lebensraum. If theres a belief, rumor or long-held assumption youd like us to fact check, drop us a note atfactchecker@themeateater.com. But this claim marks a spectacular irony coming from them, as the founding father of the Wolves Hundred, Shkuro, was himself a Nazi collaborator during World War II. More on this topic. Temofis described the bloody execution as a 'production line' that was 'so well organised' that it only took a few minutes for everyone to be killed. March 1, 2022. As a last resort, the two adversaries, with the consent of their commanders, entered into negotiations for an armistice and joined forces to overcome the wolf plague., Takeaway They had things on their caps, they were terrifying. , updated The voracious animals were attracted to the prolific and gruesome scavenging available in the warzone, attacking soldiers and civilians alike. However, Eastern European wolf populations were reduced to very low numbers by the late 19th century. All the Jews from Rava Ruska and the near by villages were brought there,' he said. he asked. 12 500 brebis dvores par les loups en 2019. In 1929, as part of his plan to rapidly create a. From Little Red Riding Hood to stories of wolves eating German soldiers marching home from Russia after World War II, these canines have gotten a bad rap here for generations. The detachment of Colonel Shkuro mostly roamed behind the front lines, getting drunk and pillaging. Their stomping grounds during World War I were mostly in southern Russia, modern-day Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova. A few Slovakian wolves disperse into the Czech Republic, where they are afforded full protection. Claim It was during the winter of 1942, there was blood and the ground was red.'. Initially, the Germans were greeted as liberators by some of the Ukrainian populace. Some were buried in the unmarked plots while still alive. They're only killing Jews. Back then our men would hit the Austrians so hard they would abandon their cannons and run.. 'It is important to all times and all generations. A report presented in November 1947 described numerous attacks, including ones perpetrated by apparently healthy animals, and gave recommendations on how to better defend against them. Romanians continue to begrudge Ukraine territories like Northern. 'The bullet ricocheted off his knee and he bled everywhere. During their service to Czar Nicholas II, the Wolves Hundred were easily identifiable by their military banner, which depicted the head of a wolf against a black background. Fifty years later, a Russian monarchist organization called For Faith and the Fatherland petitioned the Russian government to overturn Shkuros conviction and clear his name. [29][30] Since 2011, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Denmark have also reported wolf sightings presumably by natural migration from adjacent countries. They didnt even stamp my passport.. It was a principalbattleground on the Eastern Front and endured years of occupation, privation, and death. His death sentence by hanging was carried out in the Soviet capital in January 1947. 'We are touching the topic of Ukrainian nationalism here and it is a complicated matter. What is Wrong with Romanian Livestock Guarding Dogs? 'Three kilometres away, they killed them, people fell like flies. Phone: +38 (044) 253-15-63 Fax: +38 (044) 254-05-85 -mail: uinp@memory.gov.ua www . The Jews had to give up the milk from their cows'. Although wolves have special status in Hungary, they may be hunted with a year-round permit if they cause problems. The species was exterminated twice in Crimea, once after the Russian Civil War, and again after World War II. [42][43][44] (See also Favourable conservation status of wolves in Europe). Service members of pro-Russian troops in the . Focusing on the Zhytomyr region and weaving together official German wartime records, diaries, memoirs, and personal interviews, Wendy Lower provides the most complete assessment available of German colonization and the Holocaust in Ukraine. 'Of these, 1.5million to 1.6million were Ukrainian Jews,' he said, 'In other words, one in four were Ukrainian Jews.'. Circumstances leading to wolf attacks on humans, The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans, "Let's get real: beyond wolf advocacy, toward realistic policies for carnivore conservation", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_wolf&oldid=1139317437, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 14:04. But they're sanctioning Russia's banks now. An all-time low was reached in 1967, when the population was reduced to 1,550 animals. Absolutely bad ass. An estimated 1.5 million Ukrainian Jews perished, and over 800,000 were displaced to the east; at Baby Yar (Ukrainian: Babyn Yar) in Kyiv, nearly 34,000 were killed in just the first two days of massacre in the city. As of December 2021, there are at least 95 wolves in the park. The Germans had automatic rifles and when they got close to the pit they shot them.'. The number of wolf packs in western Poland has continued to increase. We cannot forget this.'. [31][32][27], Wolf populations in Poland have increased to about 800900 individuals since being classified as a game species in 1976, now for more than two decades under legal protection in Annex V and II of the Habitats Directive. During World War I, German and Russian forces declared a temporary ceasefire and banded together to hunt wolves. Some 32,000 were buried around Rava Ruska and in neighbouring towns like Bakhiv, where for years farmers have dug up human remains - and in so doing found mass graves - as they ploughed the fields. Holodomor, man-made famine that convulsed the Soviet republic of Ukraine from 1932 to 1933, peaking in the late spring of 1933. Somewhat better was the situation of Ukrainians in Galicia, where restricted cultural, civic, and relief activities were permitted under centralized control. Conservation groups and Indigenous groups then went to court to block a state plan to allow hunters to kill up to 300 wolves in a subsequent hunt. They need look no further than the men of the Wolves Hundred. Desbois said: 'He never spoke. Everyone wondered why. Parties of Russian and German scouts met recently and were hotly engaged in a skirmish when a large pack of wolves dashed on the scene and attacked the wounded, reported a 1917 Oklahoma City Times article. The hungry wolves infiltrated rural villages, attacking calves, sheep, goats, and in two cases, children. People outlawed for committing a heinous crime were called wulfheafod or caput lupinum, 'wolf's head', since, in being excluded from the laws of man, they could be killed lawfully by anyone without fear of retribution. But pogroms is one thing, and systematic extermination of the Jewish population which was organised purely by the German Nazis is another. But the Wolves Hundred was formed, Ponomaryov says, long before Putin incorporated the Cossack militias into the Russian armed forces. You have reached your limit of free articles. Despite their fearsome reputation, wolves are rarely aggressive towards humans. 'They described one by one what happened. [33], Poland plays a fundamental role in providing routes of expansion into neighbouring Central European countries. Due to the abundance of game and many grazing animals still living in species-appropriate free range management, the wolves in Europe are not yet interested in children as prey. They say they got most of their weapons in April by storming Ukrainian police and security buildings and seizing their arsenals. [20], In Eastern Europe, wolves were never fully exterminated, due to the area's contiguity with Asia and its large forested areas. We wont just kill them. In 1883, up to 1,386 wolves were killed, with many more by poison. Sweden didn't do anything during World War II, and now they're sending . The conflict in Ukraine has been to a large degree about history and how to interpret it. But they only lasted about five years in their original incarnation. He was hiding in the trees when he saw dead children being thrown by hand into a pit - a mass grave. 'He rode around the village. Jews were humiliated and murdered one by one in Ukraine during WW2 Many of them were forced to stand in front of mass graves and shot dead Women were stripped naked, beaten in the. 'People who were present at the killings wanted to speak before they die,' he said. In March, during the Russian invasion of Crimea, thousands of Cossack fighters went with the Kremlins approval to aid the Russian military in the occupation of the peninsula. He had now ensured there is a memorial here - erected in May this year - and that the graves, and the memory of what happened are protected. 'We will come back to the last grave where they killed the Jews We have a duty to victims because each and every one of them had a name.'. [48] During this period the behaviour of the wolves changed in such a way that with increasing habituation the proportion of wolf attacks during the day increased. Olha told of how 15 German soldiers stood all around the pit where their captives were standing in groups. The Soviets, during their hasty retreat, shot their political prisoners and, whenever possible, evacuated personnel, dismantled and removed industrial plants, and conducted a scorched-earth policyblowing up buildings and installations, destroying crops and food reserves, and flooding mines. And we watched. He rode around the village. According to Snyder "at least 2,505 people were sentenced for cannibalism in the years 1932 and 1933 in Ukraine, although the actual number of cases was most certainly greater." One more. By 1960, few wolves remained in Sweden, due to the use of snowmobiles in hunting them, with the last specimen being killed in 1966. Ukraine was one of the most devastated areas in Europe during the Second World War. According to Lesley Matheson with Parks Canada, one of the campers received injuries to his hand and arm. The grey wolf was exterminated in Denmark in 1772 and Norway's last wolf was killed in 1973. Billionaire hedge fund manager Bill Ackman has warned that World War III has "likely started already" amid Russia's invasion of Ukraine. As an irregular paramilitary outfit, they would not have needed direct orders from the Russian armed forces, let alone the sanction of the Russian parliament, to participate in this conflict. One of them, a baby-faced young fighter who only gave his first name, Vlad, says he was captured in April by the Ukrainian security services and deported back to Russia. 17% od Ukrainian army are women. This goes back to 1941 when Ukraine, at the time part of the Soviet Union, was occupied by Nazi Germany. In the occupied territories, the Nazis sought to implement their racial policies. Wolves in Slovakia, Ukraine, and Croatia may disperse into Hungary, where the lack of cover hinders the buildup of an autonomous population. But there were no memorials for the mass graves of the Jews.'. Its ears are higher and somewhat nearer to each other; their length exceeds the distance between the auditory opening and the eye. 'They also put chlorine, that allowed them to lower the level of the pit by one metre, and the blood stopped running'. But as horrific as they were, they were only three camp complexes in a system of more than 850 ghettos, concentration camps, forced-labor camps and extermination camps that the Nazis. 'On 27 June 1941, German troops came into Rava Ruska. In 1945 Ukraine became a charter member of the United Nations and subsequently became a signatory of peace treaties with Germanys wartime alliesItaly, Finland, Romania, Hungary, and Bulgaria. In separate interviews with TIME over the past three weeks, four of its heavily armed fighters have admitted that they came from the southern Russian region of Kuban. [5] In Lithuanian mythology, an iron wolf appears before Grand Duke Gediminas, instructing him to build the city of Vilnius. A population in western Poland expanded into eastern Germany, and in 2000, the first pups were born on German territory. With compensation of German territories in the west, Poland agreed to the cession of Volhynia and Galicia; a mutual population exchangeand the subsequent deportation of the remaining Ukrainian population by Poland to its new western territoriescreated for the first time in centuries a clear ethnic, as well as political, Polish-Ukrainian border. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The wolvesnowhere to be found quite so large and powerful as in Russiawere desperate in their hunger and regardless of danger. The Russian paramilitary group known as the Wolves' Hundred, with their commander Evgeny Ponomaryov in the foreground, block the road near the checkpoint not far from Slavyansk, in eastern Ukraine, April 20, 2014, Brazil's Guide to Not Getting Mugged at the World Cup, The 25 Defining Works of the Black Renaissance. For brief account of Ukraine during the Second World War, navigate to the section on "History of Ukraine," beginning on page 189and ending on page 190, from: Kubijovy, Volodymyr, ed. In separate testimony, an elderly witness called Yaroslav showed him to a site outside the town, and told him how he witnessed the horror of mass killing as a 13 year old boy in 1942. 'Yaroslav brought me in the forest with 50 farmers, very old people who were present at the killings,' Father Desbois said. Range With Ukraine landing in the middle of the fighting, the number of casualties are well into the multiple millions, with over 1.5 million coming from the Jewish population murdered in the Holocaust by the Nazis and their allies and collaborators (2). 'There was a memorial for the Soviet prisoners. By the 1980s, small and isolated wolf populations expanded in the wake of decreased human density in rural areas and the recovery of wild prey populations. [15] Larger weights of 9296kg (203212lb) have been reported in Ukraine, though the circumstances under which these latter animals were weighed are not known. Cultural activities were repressed, and education was limited to the elementary level. After their victory over the Germans at the Battle of Stalingrad in early 1943, the Soviets launched a counteroffensive westward. Yet the Soviet Union, for its own motives, obscured the full scale of the Holocaust on its own territory. At the time, everyone wondered why. In Latvia, records of rabid wolf attacks go back two centuries. Historians estimate that soldiers killed hundreds of wolves during the war, and that the surviving wolves fled to escape a, carnage the like of which they had never encountered., Battle Halts While Troops Fight Wolves Oklahoma City Times, WW1 Wolves Attacked Soldiers War History Online, German and Russian Soldiers Banded Together to Fight Wolves Mental Floss. 'Why do we come back to Ukraine?' The Polish scientists estimated that at the end of the 2018/19 monitoring year, at least 95 resident wolf packs would be west of the Vistula, more than at any time since data collection began in 2003. But you could see the pit move, because some of them were still alive, Many people were requisitioned to dig the mass graves, to fill them, to bring the Jews in horse-drawn carts, to bring back their suits, to sell the suits, to put ashes on the blood, They stripped them naked, men and women. But it is impossible to understand fully Ukraine's response to this assault without addressing the impact of decades of repressive Soviet rule. Weve been at it for almost 20 years, with different men, as part of different military forces, but always as the Wolves Hundred., The history of this regiment goes back nearly a century. The Nazis were aided at times by auxiliary forces recruited from the local population. At the beginning of three weeks of filming, our primary goal was to capture video of brown bears feeding on a humpback whale carcass. Only 20 percent of the industrial enterprises and 15 percent of agricultural equipment and machinery remained intact, and the transportation network was severely damaged. Ukraine has been unhappy about Romania's generous citizenship laws, designed to benefit ethnic kin outside Romania's borders. Berkhoff shows how a pervasive Soviet mentality worked against solidarity, which helps explain why the vast majority of the population did not resist the Germans. Just as in the days of the czars, the command structure of the modern-day Cossacks in Russia now leads directly to Russias Commander in Chief, who holds the exclusive right to award the rank of Cossack general. 'The Nazis did their best to inspire pogroms everywhere they came. [7]:174 Although similar in size to central Russian wolves, Swedish and Norwegian wolves tend to be more heavily built with deeper shoulders. In February of 1917, a dispatch from Berlin noted large packs of wolves moving into populated areas of the German Empire from the forests of Lithuania and Volhynia. Theres an open corridor for the Cossacks, for the Wolves, says Mozhaev. We will give their bodies back to their mothers in bags, he told TIME on May 4 outside their base of operations in the town of Kramatorsk. It turned out, he was planning the site of what would become Rava Ruska's Jewish mass grave Father Patrick Desbois,Catholic priest. The Eurasian wolf and the Italian wolf are legally protected in most European countries, either by listing in the annexes of the EU-FHH Directive or by the Bern Convention or both, depending on whether a country is a signatory of the Bern Convention or not. Some of them returned home after Crimea was annexed into Russia, while others moved on to eastern Ukraine to continue their campaign. Small stones placed on the. 'One day when we were in the village my father's friend came. The solders destroyed the Jewish cemetery and soon made a Jewish ghetto in the town centre. ); 10,722 (2001).The city was on the frontline during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine for months, with every building damaged and the town's centre being bombed to the ground by 2023. Yahad's executive director Marco Gonzalez warned: 'Unfortunately, this form of genocide, the 'Holocaust by Bullets', is the model for mass killings today. Germany's wolf population on the rise, new data shows; Germans divided over return of the wolves; Germany reveals costs . The entire family was transported to a Banff hospital for South Dakota drew all sorts of larger-than-life Old West characters prior to statehood. The Soviet authorities prevented the document from reaching both the public and those who would otherwise be assigned to deal with the problem. He ordered her to be stripped naked, and demanded the trader smear her with the butter after which he decreed her beaten to death with sticks. The Germans had automatic rifles and when they got close to the pit they shot them Temofis Ryzvanuk, witness of mass killing of Jews in Ukraine. On Feb. 25 . Origin Due to the passive behaviour of the Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe, processing is delayed. Other prey species include reindeer, argali, mouflon, wisent, saiga, ibex, chamois, wild goats, fallow deer, and musk deer.[11]. Gamkrelidze, T. V. & Ivanov, V. V. (1995), Peterson, R. O. levage et loups en France: historique, bilan et pistes de solution. It became clear to him that elderly Ukrainians like Yaroslav, witnesses to this horror, wanted to end their vow of silence on the terrible things they had seen in their youth.

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