Since his election as president in 1994, Alexander Lukashenko has consolidated his rule over all institutions and undermined the rule of law through . A court on Friday sentenced Belarus' top human rights advocate and one of the winners of the 2022 Nobel Peace Prize, to 10 years in prison. Belarus has competed in the Olympic Games since the 1994 Winter Olympics as an independent nation. Economically, Belarus involved itself in the CIS, Eurasian Economic Community, and Union with Russia. [66], The Republic of Central Lithuania was a short-lived political entity, which was the last attempt to restore Lithuania in the historical confederacy state (it was also supposed to create Lithuania Upper and Lithuania Lower). [67] After a variety of delays, a disputed election took place on 8 January 1922, and the territory was annexed to Poland. [205] Each region has a provincial legislative authority, called a region council (Belarusian: ; Russian: ), which is elected by its residents, and a provincial executive authority called a region administration (Belarusian: ; Russian: ), whose chairman is appointed by the president. [183] However, Belarus cannot join NATO because it is a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation. [262], After Belarus was incorporated into the Soviet Union, the Soviet government took control of the Republic's cultural affairs. Online version: Last edited on 26 February 2023, at 20:35, Constitution of the Republic of Belarus of 1994, "FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture", Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia, Byelorussian collaboration with Nazi Germany, Byelorussian strategic offensive operation, a staggering quarter of the prewar population, Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, election for the presidency on 24 June 1994 and 10 July 1994, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, protests following the presidential election, Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, 800m at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics, "Generations and Gender Survey, 2020 Belarus Wave 1", "Belarus leader Lukashenko holds secret inauguration amid continuing protests", "Belarus: Mass protests after Lukashenko secretly sworn in", "GINI index (World Bank estimate) Belarus", "Time Zone & Clock Changes in Minsk, Belarus", "Icann .", "Belarus freezes migrant cooperation deal over EU sanctions", "Why Is Belarus called White Russia | Belarus Travel", "Law of the Republic of Belarus About the name of the Republic of Belarus", "Lithuania Refuses to Call Belarus as "Belarusia", "Gudas as a Historical Name of Belarusians in the Lithuanian Language: 'Goths' or 'Barbarians'? [242] Minority groups include: Russians (7.5%), Poles (3.1%), and Ukrainians (1.7%). Belarus Appeals To IMF For $8bln Rescue Loan. In 2015, 39.3% of Belarusians were employed by state-controlled companies, 57.2% were employed by private companies (in which the government has a 21.1% stake) and 3.5% were employed by foreign companies. The law was compared with serfdom by Lukashenko himself. For criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the Supreme Court. Due to the cool climate, clothes were designed to conserve body heat and were usually made from flax or wool. [71][citation needed][72] After an early period of liberalization, tensions between increasingly nationalistic Polish government and various increasingly separatist ethnic minorities started to grow, and the Belarusian minority was no exception. Users of this site are cautioned that new general licenses may be enacted, revoked or amended at any time; accordingly, the list and attachments made . [212] In October 1995, a presidential decree abolished the local governments of cities of raion subordination and urban-type settlements which served as the administrative center of raions, demoting them from administrative-territorial units to territorial units. Around 1840 the Statutes were banned by the Russian tsar following the November Uprising. Many Belarusian writers of the time, such as Uadzimir yka, Kazimir Svayak, Yakub Kolas, mitrok Biadula, and Maksim Haretski, wrote for Nasha Niva, a Belarusian-language paper published that was previously published in Vilnius but now is published in Minsk. Belarus's beleaguered government remains unfazed by covid-19. Belarus rarely receives much media attention in the West, but it has long been subjected to political interference from its neighbors, the USA, and the European Union. For the past few years, the Hungarian government under authoritarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbn has overtly courted the American right, wooing the kinds of anti-democratic forces buoying former. A famed Black Panther who's also a communist has faced calls to pay reparations after discovering her ancestors were white puritans who arrived in the US on the Mayflower. [248] Roman Catholicism is practiced mostly in the western regions, and there are also different denominations of Protestantism. The experts also received reports of violence against women and children, including sexual abuse and rape with rubber batons. Incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania resulted in an economic, political and ethno-cultural unification of Belarusian lands. 1921 - The Treaty of Riga divides Belarus between Poland and Soviet Russia. However, the future of the union has been placed in doubt because of Belarus's repeated delays of monetary union, the lack of a referendum date for the draft constitution, and a dispute over the petroleum trade. eligowski later in his memoir which was published in London in 1943 condemned the annexation of the Republic by Poland, as well as the policy of closing Belarusian schools and general disregard of Marshal Jzef Pisudski's confederation plans by Polish ally.[68]. Average Belarusians still remember his heyday - and the pledges that never came through. Sino-Belarusian relations have improved,[169] strengthened by the visit of President Lukashenko to China in October 2005. The Soviet Union by 1948 had installed communist-leaning governments in Eastern European countries that the USSR had liberated from Nazi control during the war. However, its 60th place ranking in the United Nations' Human Development Index places it in the category of states with; "very high" human development. [84] In 1986, the Byelorussian SSR was contaminated with most (70%) of the nuclear fallout from the explosion at the Chernobyl power plant located 16km beyond the border in the neighboring Ukrainian SSR. The first coins of the Republic of Belarus were issued on 27 December 1996. The 2007 RussiaBelarus energy dispute centered on accusations by Gazprom that Belarus was siphoning oil off of the Druzhba pipeline that runs through Belarus. Belarus has a population density of about 50 people per square kilometre (127 per sqmi); 70% of its total population is concentrated in urban areas. [248], Belarus's Catholic minority is concentrated in the western part of the country, especially around Grodno, consisting in a mixture of Belarusians and the country's Polish and Lithuanian minorities. Though the opposition candidates, mostly associated with the pro-independence Belarusian Popular Front, took only 10% of the seats,[89] Belarus declared itself sovereign on 27 July 1990 by issuing the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. [23][24], Lieutenant General Viktor Khrenin heads the Ministry of Defence,[176] and Alexander Lukashenko (as president) serves as Commander-in-Chief. [236][237] A new currency, the new Belarusian ruble (ISO 4217 code: BYN)[238] was introduced in July 2016, replacing the Belarusian ruble in a rate of 1:10,000 (10,000 old ruble = 1 new ruble). so the map above is more of a modern representation of the countries that formerly made up East Europe. Ella Reeve Bloor was one of the founders of the Communist Labor Party of America, a predecessor of the Communist Party of the USA, and a tireless labour organiser during the Great Depression. Formerly Communist countries (by current name): Formerly part of the Soviet Union: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. [246], According to the census of November 2011, 58.9% of all Belarusians adhered to some kind of religion; out of those, Eastern Orthodoxy made up about 82%: Eastern Orthodox in Belarus are mainly part of the Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, though a small Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church also exists. ", "No Job? "We wish you success . Open. The judiciary comprises the Supreme Court and specialized courts such as the Constitutional Court, which deals with specific issues related to constitutional and business law. /TASS/. [196] In May 2021, Lukashenko threatened that he will flood the European Union with migrants and drugs as a response to the sanctions. A panel of US lawmakers tasked with scrutinizing Beijing held a debut hearing Tuesday overshadowed by protests from the public gallery as it focused on the "existential" threat of the ruling Chinese Communist Party.Committee chairman Mike Gallagher gave a sweeping introduction outlining "The Chinese Communist Party's Threat to America" -- the title of the hearing -- aided by a multimedia . [81] The Jewish population of Belarus was devastated during the Holocaust and never recovered. The depreciation was even steeper on the black market and financial collapse seemed imminent as citizens rushed to exchange their rubles for dollars, euros, durable goods, and canned goods. Bankers in China are being told to rectify their mindsets, clean up their "hedonistic" lifestyles and stop copying Western ways. [232] The ruble was reintroduced with new values in 2000 and has been in use ever since. [citation needed], The union between Poland and Lithuania ended in 1795 with the Third Partition of Poland by Imperial Russia, Prussia, and Austria. "People in these countries are virtually isolated from the rest of the world by authoritarian rulers who muzzle the media and keep a chokehold on information through restrictive laws, fear, and intimidation," said CPJ Executive Director Ann Cooper. Other large cities are Mogilev (365,100), Vitebsk (342,400), Grodno (314,800) and Brest (298,300). [155][156] Six months later amid an unprecedented economic crisis, activists utilized social networking to initiate a fresh round of protests characterized by wordless hand-clapping. It shares Europe's oldest forest - Bialowieza - with Poland. [251] President Lukashenko has stated that Orthodox and Catholic believers are the "two main confessions in our country". Washington, Mar 4 (PTI): Communist China is the strongest and the most disciplined enemy that the United States has ever faced, Republican presidential aspirant Nikki Haley said on Friday as she slammed the ruling Democratic Party as a 'socialist' part. Interaction between public authorities The state authority in the Republic of Belarus is exercised on the basis of separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial branches. Local government in Belarus is administered by administrative-territorial units (Belarusian: - ; Russian: - ), and occurs on two levels: basic and primary. The ballet Nightingale by M. Kroshner was composed during the Soviet era and became the first Belarusian ballet showcased at the National Academic Vialiki Ballet Theatre in Minsk. [75] A Belarusian organization, the Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union, was banned in 1927, and opposition to Polish government was met with state repressions. [57], Joseph Stalin implemented a policy of Sovietization to isolate the Byelorussian SSR from Western influences. Ever since the emergence of statehood in the territory of Belarus and up to the end of the 18th century, the country belonged to the Western, rather than Eastern, tradition of Christianity.. [143], Belarus has often been described as "Europe's last dictatorship" by some media outlets, politicians and authors due to its authoritarian government. The Statutes allowed the right to own land only to noble families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. [209] At the primary level are 14 cities of raion subordination councils, 8 urban-type settlements councils, and 1,151 village councils. Washington CNN The US and NATO believe that Belarus could "soon" join Russia in its war against Ukraine, US and NATO officials tell CNN, and that the country is already taking steps to do. [123][124] The country lies within two ecoregions: Sarmatic mixed forests and Central European mixed forests. [255] Minorities also speak Polish, Ukrainian and Eastern Yiddish. Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko believes that his country will develop more intensively under a strong China, the BelTA news agency reported. In the years following the union, the process of gradual Polonization of both Lithuanians and Ruthenians gained steady momentum. [206] The Regions are further subdivided into 118 raions, commonly translated as districts (Belarusian: ; Russian: ). [85][86], By the late 1980s, political liberalization led to a national revival, with the Belarusian Popular Front becoming a major pro-independence force. In 1996, Lukashenko called for a controversial vote to extend the presidential term from five to seven years, and as a result the election that was supposed to occur in 1999 was pushed back to 2001.

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